What is dyspareunia and what causes painful intercourse?
Dyspareunia is the medical term for painful intercourse. It can result from physical, psychological, or hormonal factors affecting the vaginal, pelvic, or vulvar regions.
Detailed Medical Explanation
Dyspareunia, or painful sex, can be caused by multiple factors. Physical causes include infections (such as thrush or STIs), pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, vulvodynia, or trauma. Hormonal changes—like those after menopause—can cause vaginal dryness. Psychological issues such as anxiety, past trauma, or relationship difficulties can also contribute. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to guide effective treatment. Read more at NHS.
Clinical Context
Dyspareunia is common and affects women of all ages, though risk increases after menopause or childbirth. A sensitive and thorough history is essential, and many women benefit from multidisciplinary care involving gynaecologists, pelvic floor therapists, and counsellors.
Evidence-Based Approaches
Management follows evidence-based guidelines such as those from NICE and the British Society for Sexual Medicine. Treatment targets underlying causes and may involve lubricants, oestrogen creams, physical therapy, and psychological support. RCOG guidance.